Susceptible populations, i. Other suscepti- to Airborne Contaminants ble populations, such as the elderly and the young, may differ Regulations of occupational exposure to workplace from healthy adults in their response to irritating and odorous hazards are based on the results of accumulated experience substances.
Effects are examined in rela- tive evaluation. Panels of observers have been used to perform tion to exposure to the injurious substance.
Exposure is subjective evaluation of IAQ in buildings. Many contaminants defined as the mathematical product of the concentration of have odors or are irritants that may be detected by human the contaminant and the time during which a person is exposed occupants or visitors to a space. Generally the air can be to this concentration. Regulations of the U. The values summarized in this table are from various sources with diverse procedures and criteria for establishing the values.
The following explanations are intended to assist the reader by providing a brief description of the criteria each agency used in adopting its guideline values. By law, the values listed in these regulations must be reviewed every five years.
These concentrations are selected to protect not only the general popu- lation but also the most sensitive individuals. Department of Labor through a formal rule-making process.
Once an exposure limit has been set, levels can be changed only through reopening the rule-making process. These permissible exposure limits PELs are not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals. Levels are set on a regular basis, with annual reviews and periodic republication of criteria levels.
These levels are enforceable in Ger- many and are not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals. A revised version is being considered.
These are not intended to be enforced. Intended for application both to indoor and outdoor exposure. These are not enforceable, are not reviewed reg- ularly, and are not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals. In some cases, they are set at levels above those deemed protective of health because commonly available industrial hygiene practice does not reliably detect the sub- stances at lower levels.
Note that methods used in nonindustrial settings are often more sensitive than NIOSH meth- ods for industrial hygiene measurements. The committee reviews the scientific literature and recommends exposure guidelines. The assumptions are for usual industrial working conditions, hour weeks, and single exposures. Surveillance prac- tices for both exposures and biological responses are often in place in the work environments where these levels are used. These levels are not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals.
B, B The table is not inclusive of all contaminants in indoor air, and achieving the listed indoor concentrations for all of the listed substances does not ensure odor acceptability, avoidance of sensory irritation, or all adverse health effects for all occu- pants. In addition to indoor contaminant levels, the acceptability of indoor air also involves thermal conditions, indoor mois- ture levels as they impact microbial growth, and other indoor environmental factors.
Users of this table should recognize that unlisted noxious contaminants can also cause unacceptable IAQ with regard to comfort sensory irritation , odors, and health. When such contaminants are known or might reasonably be expected to be present, selection of an acceptable concentration and exposure may require reference to other guidelines or a review and evaluation of relevant toxicological and epidemiological literature.
Comparison of Regulations and Guidelines Pertinent to Indoor Environmentsa 28 TABLE B-1 The user of any value in this table should take into account the purpose for which it was adopted and the means by which it was developed. B-5 MAK Ref. B-2 Canadian Ref. B-1 ppm ppm ppm Carbon dioxide ppm ppm [L] 10, ppm [1 h] 30, ppm [15 min] 30, ppm [15 min] 90 ppm [15 min] 9 ppm g 30 ppm 11 ppm [8 h] 50 ppm [30 min] 35 ppm Carbon monoxidec 50 ppm 25 ppm 35 ppm [1 h] g 60 ppm [30 min] 25 ppm [1 h] 25 ppm [1 h] ppm [C] 10 ppm [8 h] 0.
Where no time is specified, the averaging time is eight hours. Total aldehydes limited to 1 ppm. Although the epidemiological studies conducted to date provide little convincing evidence that formaldehyde is carcinogenic in human populations, because of this potential, indoor levels should be reduced as much as possible. The concentrations considered acceptable for nonindustrial, as opposed to industrial, exposure are substantially lower.
These lower concentrations in other words, the ambient air quality standards, which are required to consider populations at highest risk are set to protect the most sensitive subpopulation, individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Less than 3. EPA guideline. Department of Housing and Urban Development adopted regulations concerning formaldehyde emissions from plywood and particleboard intended to limit the airborne concentration of formaldehyde in manufactured homes to 0.
B i Never to be exceeded. There are also epidemiological obser- vations of an association between relatively high occupational exposures to formaldehyde and sinonasal cancer. The target concentrations that have been set or proposed by various national or international organizations concerned with health and comfort effects of outdoor and indoor air are listed for reference only.
The table is not inclusive of all contaminants in indoor air, and achieving the target indoor concentrations for all of the listed substances does not ensure freedom from sensory irritation or from all adverse health effects for all occupants. In addition to indoor contaminant levels, the acceptability of indoor air also involves thermal conditions, indoor moisture levels as they impact microbial growth, and other indoor environmental factors.
For design, the goal should be to meet the guideline levels continuously during occupancy because people spend the great majority of their time indoors. Table B-2 summarizes some of this literature.
Note: The user of any value in this table should take into account the purpose for which it was adopted and the means by which it was developed. Concentrations Contaminant Sources Comments References of Interest Carbon Leaking vented combustion 9 ppm 8 h Based on effects on persons with coronary artery disease, average exposure for eight hours. B-4 [c] Monoxide appliances Sustained indoor concentrations exceeding outdoor concentrations may merit further investigation.
Many B-9 [m] CO Unvented combustion appliances carbon monoxide measuring instruments have limited accuracy at low levels. Parking garages Sources—burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil, etc.
Outdoor air Health effects—reduces ability of blood to bring oxygen to body cells and tissues; cells and tissues need oxygen to work. Carbon monoxide may be particularly hazardous to people who have heart or circu- latory problems and people who have damaged lungs or breathing passages. Formaldehyde Pressed-wood products 0. Health effects—Acute and chronic inhalation exposure to formaldehyde in humans can result in eye, B, 20, nose, and throat irritation, respiratory symptoms, exacerbation of asthma, and sensitization.
Human 36, 40 studies have reported an association between formaldehyde exposure and lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. B-4 [m] Sources—leaded gasoline being phased out , paint houses, cars , smelters metal refineries , manufac- B ture of lead storage batteries. Health effects—brain and other nervous system damage; children are at special risk. Some lead-contain- ing chemicals cause cancer in animals. Lead causes digestive and other health problems.
Environmental effects—Lead can harm wildlife. B-4 [c] Dioxide NO2 appliances B-9 [m] Unvented combustion appliances Sources—burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil, etc. Cars are an important source of NO2 outdoors B Outdoor air and cooking and water- and space-heating devices are important sources indoors.
Health effects—lung damage, illnesses of breathing passages and lungs respiratory system. Environmental effects—Nitrogen dioxide is a component of acid rain acid aerosols , which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can reduce visibility. Property damage—Acid aerosols can eat away stone used on buildings, statues, monuments, etc.
Odors Occupants Predicted CO2 concentration can be used as a surrogate for occupant odors odorous bioeffluents. B-9 CO2 , Cooking, food processing, of occupants B odor sewage, biowaste facilities, or visitors [m] etc. B-6 [m] Ozone generators Ozone present at levels below the concentration of interest may contribute to the degradation of indoor B Outdoor air air quality directly and by reacting with other contaminants in the indoor space.
Ground-level ozone is the principal component of smog. Health effects—breathing problems, reduced lung function, asthma, irritated eyes, stuffy nose, reduced resistance to colds and other infections. May speed up aging of lung tissue. Environmental effects—Outdoors, ozone can damage plants and trees; smog can cause reduced visibility. Property damage—Indoors and outdoors, ozone damages natural and synthetic rubbers, plastics, fabrics, etc. Health effects—nose and throat irritation, lung damage, bronchitis, early death.
B Environmental effects—Particulates are the main source of haze that reduces visibility. Property damage—Ashes, soot, smoke, and dust can dirty and discolor structures and other property, including clothes and furniture. B-4 [m] SO2 Outdoor air Source—burning of coal and oil, especially high-sulfur coal from the eastern United States; industrial B processes paper, metals.
Health effects—breathing problems; may cause permanent damage to lungs. Environmental effects—SO2 is a component of acid rain acid aerosols , which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can also reduce visibility. Property damage—Acid aerosols can eat away stone used in buildings, statues, monuments, etc. Reference B contains a specific B-9 [m] Organic furnishings guidance on TVOC definition that reflects recent thinking on the subject. B, Compounds Consumable products concentrations cannot There is insufficient evidence that TVOC measurements can be used to predict health or comfort effects.
Furthermore, no Outdoor air single method currently in use measures all organic compounds that may be of interest. Therefore, some investigators have reported the total of all measured VOCs as the SumVOC in order to make explicit that the reported value does not represent the total of all VOCs present. Some of the refer- ences included here use this method for presenting VOC measurement results. Setting target concentrations for TVOCs is not recommended. Setting target concentrations for specific VOCs of concern is preferred.
Volatile New building materials and Must be determined for Individual volatile organic compounds may be contaminants of concern in the application of the IAQ B—26, Organic furnishings each individual Procedure. Concentrations of concern range from less than 1 part per billion ppb for some very 28, 42, 43, Compounds Consumable products compound toxic compounds or for compounds having very low odor thresholds up to concentrations several 44 [c] VOCs Maintenance materials See Table B-3 for a list orders of magnitude higher.
Not all compounds can be identified, and toxicological data are incom- B-9, 10, 21 See Table B-3 Outdoor air of selected compounds plete for many compounds.
This is not a regulatory value but an action level where mitigation is recommended if the value is exceeded in long-term tests. Hg Vapors or gases are often expressed in parts per million ppm by volume or in mass per unit volume. The VOCs included in the table were reported in published, peer-reviewed surveys conducted in office buildings and in new and existing residences in North America during the period — B,B,B Only those VOCs for which exposure guidelines for the general population have been developed by cognizant authorities are listed in Table B The table does not purport to represent a all possible chemicals found in nonindustrial indoor environments and b all concentration guidelines, standards, and regulatory limits.
Published, peer-reviewed surveys conducted in office buildings and in new and existing residences in North America since may identify several more compounds, for some of which guidelines may be available from the cognizant authorities described above. When performing a subjective evaluation, an observer B World Health Organization. Air Quality Guide- should enter the space in the manner of a normal visitor and lines for Europe, 2nd Edition. World Health Organiza- should render a judgment of acceptability within 15 seconds.
Each observer should make the evaluation independently of World Health Organization, Regional Office for other observers and without influence from a panel leader. Europe, Copenhagen, www.
Some harmful contam- B Commission of the European Communities. Carbon monoxide and Report No. Joint Research Centre, Ispra significant health risks.
To evaluate the acceptability of Varese , Italy. National Institute for Occupational Safety acceptability. B and Health, February. Shields, H. Fleischer, and C.
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical densities. Indoor Air 6 1 :2— Devos, M. Patte, J. Rouault, P. Laffort, and L. Van sure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Gemert. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Cincinnati, OH California Air Resources Board. Indoor Air B Sacramento, CA. American Society of Testing and Materials. Republic of Germany. Martin, W. The Air Quality Manage- e1. Royal Road, Springfield, VA The Plain B Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and B Health Health Administration.
Title 29, Part Environmental Criteria and B Food and Drug Administration. Cincinnati, OH. Formalde- hyde; Hazard Summary. Technology Transfer Net- B Health Canada.
Exposure Guidelines for Resi- B Hodgson, A. A review and a limited compari- dential Indoor Air Quality: A Report of the Federal- son of methods for measuring total volatile organic Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and compounds in indoor air. In Indoor Air, Vol. Occupational Health. Ottawa: Health Canada. Brown, S. Sim, M. Abramson, and C.
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in B Com- indoor air—A review, p. Daisey, J. Hodgson, W. Fisk, M. Mendell, ants in Indoor Air. Document No. Ten Brinks. Annual trations, and sources, p.
Atmospheric Analysis; Occupational Health and B Nielsen et al. Levin Ed. Glycol Ethers. Woods, B Grimsrud, and N. Boschi, Eds. Alexandria, Virginia. Washington, DC: Vol. Anderson, K. Borne- B Apte, M. Clausen, J. Hongslo, M. Kjellman, S. Levy, L. Skerfving and J. In Indoor Air, Vol — European Collaborative Action.
Total Volatile Organic Joint Research 1-tert-Butoxypropanol —9 June. Centre, Environment Institute, European Commission. Ispra, Italy. California B Wolkoff, P. Clausen, B. Jensen, G. Nielsen and Ambient Air Quality Standards. Volatile Organic B Gunnarsen, L. LBL national, Vol. Report , April Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace. For the purpose of this paper, a humidity control event occurs when the RH is above or below the established facility RH range.
The table describes criteria, design attributes, and operating specifications associated with each LVDL. The purpose of the LVDL classification system and Table A are to foster communication between stakeholders when evaluating the protective capability of an existing LACS or during discussions about design, construction, and operation of a new LACS intended to manage and control airborne chemical hazards.
Using this Guide will help achieve cost-effective and cost-efficient refrigeration systems for new projects, expansions, remodels, and existing systems that simply need a tune-up. Department of Energy. The reader service card provides the opportunity to request information from new products chosen by editors as well as advertised products in each issue. Using common information in the form of a building model for all analysis related to building performance is critical to ensure a holistic, manageable, and verifiable result.
Building Information Modeling is focused on eliminating significant amounts of redundant and wasted effort currently embedded in the design, construction, and operations of facilities due to the lack of software interoperability.
The goal of It is up to the designer or builder to decide if filtration, tempering or dehumidification is required, based on where the house or building is built. Energy Trust of Oregon has yet to adopt Implementing Complying with DOE Source: When operating, they turn on the air handler and open a damper in the duct to outside.
In some cases they may turn on a remote fan. These books contain exercises and tutorials to improve your practical skills, at all levels! File Name: setup. File Name: pdf2word. File Name: img2pdf.
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